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Pengenalan Komputer

• Chapter 1

All computers take in information called input and give out information called output

 

The computer’s versatility is built upon its:

1. Hardware : The pysichal part
2. Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to   transform the input data (information in a form it can   read) into the necessary output.

 The first real computer :

1. 1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer.
2. At about the same time, the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes. 
3. 1943: The team led by mathematician Alan Turing and others completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer.
4. 1939: Iowa State University professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
5. 1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I. 

Vacuum tubes were used in early computers.
Trainsistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956,by the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by intergrated circuits.

Integrated circuits brought:

• Increased reliability
• Smaller size
• Higher speed
• Higher efficiency
• Lower cost

There are 5 types of computer :

1. Desktop computer
2. Embedded computer
3. Personal computer
4. Mainframes
5. Supercomputer

• Chapter 2

Basic Functions of a Computer :

1. Receive input : Accept information from the outside world
2. Process information : Perform arithmetic or logical operations on information
3. Produce output : Communicate information to the outside world
4. Store information : Move and store information in memory

 Basic Components of a Computer :

1. Input devices : Keyboards and pointing devices
2. Output devices : Display, Printer and speakers
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Bits as Codes

1. ASCII
2. Unicode

Bit-related terminology

• Byte = 8 bits
• Kilobyte = 1 thousands bytes
• Megabyte = 1 milion bytes
• Gigabyte = 1 billion bytes
• Terabytes = 1 trillion bytes

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

• Used to store program instructions and data temporarily
• Unique addresses anda data can be stored in any location
• Can quickly retrieve information
• Will not remain if power goes off (volatile)

 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

• Information stored permanently on a chip
• Contains startup instructions and other permanent data

CMOS (COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR)

• Special low-energy kind of RAM

FLASH MEMORY

• Used for phones,pagers,portable computers and PDAs

•  Chapter 3

Input devices :

1. Keyboard : used to enter letters, numbers, and special characters
2. Pointing Devices : like mouse, touchpad, pointing stick
3. Reading Tools : read marks representing codes specially designed for computer input

Output devices :

1. Screen Output
2. Paper Output
3. Fax Machines and Fax Modems
4. Sound Card
5. Synthesizers

• Chapter 4

Operating system functions :

1. Supports multitasking
2. Manages virtual memory
3. Maintains file system
4. Responsible for authentication and author
   -Win

Hardware and software platforms :

• Windows Vista
• Windows Server 2003
• Windows XP
• Windows ME
• Microsoft Windows CE
• Mac OS X
• Mac OS 9
• Linux,Unix

•   Chapter 5

  Doug Engelbart

• One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and software

Wordsmith's Toolbox

• Working with a word processor involves several steps : entering text, editing text, formatting the document, proofreading the document, saving the document on disk, printing the document

 Lesson Summary :

• Even though the computer was designed to work with numbers, it can be an important tool for working with words as well.
• Word processing software enables you to use commands to edit text on screen, without having to retype messages.
• Outlining software, spell checkers, and online references can be very helpful.
• Desktop publishing produces professional-quality text-and-graphics documents.
• Spreadsheets can be used for tracking, calculating, forecasting, and almost any other task that involves repetitive numeric calculations. Most spreadsheet programs have charting capabilities.
• Specialized software allows you to perform accounting tasks, tax preparation, and a variety of business functions without the aid of spreadsheets.
• Symbolic mathematic and statistical-analysis software can help present data in meaningful ways.
• Scientific visualization software can help us understand relationships that are invisible to the naked eye. 
• Computer modeling and simulation can be powerful tools for understanding the world and making better decisions.

• Chapter 6

Pixels : tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen.
Palette of tools mimics real-world painting tools
Bitmapped graphics : pictures that show how the pixels are mapped on the screen.
Color depth : the number of bits devoted to each pixel.
Resolution : the density of the pixels

Computer Aided Design (CAD) software: Allows engineers, designers, and architects to create designs on screen for products ranging from computer chips to public buildings, can test product prototypes , Cheaper, faster, and more accurate than traditional design-by-hand techniques

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the process by which data related to the product design are fed into a program that controls the manufacturing of parts.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory.

Analog and Digital Video : A video digitizer can convert analog video signals from a television broadcast or videotape into digital data

Audio digitizer – captures sound and stores it as a data file

Synthesizer – an electronic instrument that synthesizes sounds using mathematical formulas

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) – standard interface that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other

• Chapter 7

A database:  A collection of information stored on computer disks

Advantages offered by computerized databases:

• Make it easier to store large quantities of information
• Make it easier to retrieve information quickly and flexibly
• Make it easy to organize and reorganize information
• Make it easy to print and distribute information in a variety of ways 

• Import: receive data in the form of text files
• Browse: navigate through information
• Query: find records that match specific criteria

• Batch processing: users accumulate transactions and input them into the computer in large batches
• Real-Time computing: allows instant access to information
• Interactive processing: has replaced batch processing for most applications

o   Users can now interact with data through terminals, viewing and changing values online in real-time.

o   Batch processing is still used for jobs in which it makes sense to do a lot of transactions at once.

• Data Mining:

• The discovery and extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases
• Uses statistical methods and artificial intelligence technology